![]() ![]() The percentage of black-owned firms is 0%, and the percentage of women-owned firms is 28.1%. The total number of firms, at last estimate, was 6,314. The per capita income is $28,449, the median household income is $60,466, and 11.1% of the persons in Clinton County are considered below poverty level. ![]() The median home value is $156,300, there are 28,534 households, an average of 2.63 persons per household. 92.9% have a high school degree or higher, and 28.2% have a Bachelor degree or higher. The land area is 566.41 square miles and there are 133.1 persons per square mile.ĩ4.2% of the population is White, 1.9% is Black or African American, 4.3% is Hispanic or Latino, 1.5% is Asian, 0.5% is American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.1% is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 1.8% is two or more races. The 2014 population estimate is 77,297 and the 2010 census population was 75,382. L2007010385Ĭalwest Capital Group (DBA Ivan Alejandro Gamarra)Ĭambridge Financial Services aka Cambridge Home Loanĭesist & Refrain Order and Stipulation to Desist and Refrain OrderĬampbell, Ian Michael Jump Swim Schools Franchise CorporationĬampbell, Laroy Randall Campbell, Laroy, Cambell, Laroy R.ĭesist & Refrain Order (see also Shannon K.Clinton County is located in central Michigan. See also Office of Administrative Law Decision (PDF) – OAH No. L2007010385Ĭalifornia United Bank Los Angeles, CaliforniaĬalifornia Western Financial Investments, Inc.ĭesist & Refrain Order See also order rescinding for Robert Shipley only)Ĭallahan, Mars Abundance Entertainment, LLC Poker Junkies Production, LLC John Hermansen See also Office of Administrative Law Decision (PDF) -OAH No. ![]() See also CFL # 60DBO-64585 CDDTL # 1003304Ĭalifornia Economic Development Lending InitiativeĪdministrative Action Desist and Refrain OrderĬalifornia Loan And Jewelry Company, Inc. Stipulation to Desist & Refrain Order and Desist & Refrain Orderĭesist and Refrain Order Order Withdrawing Desist & Refrain OrderĪdministrative Action See also FSD Licensee Listing #413-0987Īdministrative Order See also: FSD licensee file #963-2058 See also: Tamaryn Finazzo and Joanne Finazzoĭesist & Refrain Order See also FSD licensee file # 100-1123 ![]() See also CFL Licensee Listing # 60DBO-83886Ĭal-Pac Capital Advisors, Cal Pac Capital Advisors, Cal-Pac Management, Inc, Cal-Pac Mortgage Funding, LLC, Cal-Pac Funding CorporationĬal-State Corporations aka Cal-State Financial (PDF)Ĭaboto’s Franchise Development Corporation (PDF)Ĭaffino Franchise Corporation aka Caffino, Inc. See also CFL Licensee Listing # 60DBO-102552Ĭaboto’s Associated Food Services, Inc. Franchising Systems, Inc., dba Caring Transactions dba C & N Wealth ManagementĬ.A.I Financial aka Canada Advantage International, Inc., C.A.I Financial International, Inc., and C.A.I Loans Sewak, ShaneilĪdministrative Action (see also Estrada, Naomi)ĭesist & Refrain Order see also Rescission of Desist & Refrain Order for Sharon Baker only.Ĭ.T. See also CFL Licensee Listing # 60DBO-87038Ĭ-Quadrant, LLC GPA Enterprises, LLC Green Bud Initiatives, LLC, also known as GBI Marketing Johnson, Jeremy Taylor Johnson, Anthony Todd and Gregory, MichaelĬ & D Professional Services, Inc. ![]()
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![]() She featured in the French magazine, Numero, in 2013. What you’ve just seen is a 16-year-old, with blonde hair and blue eyes who became a blackface for a fashion spread, “African Queen”. ![]() The now 23 model and actress has since grown into a fine woman and it shows: She was criticized for her weight, as her thin frame became more evident in other ads for Channel. She appeared in campaign for Chanel, in 2015 when she was only 16 years old. She is the daughter of Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis. Today she is 28 years old and maintain a thriving acting career. The picture is inspired by Nabokov’s novel, Lolita in which a grown man seduces a 12-year-old girl The AD above is for the Oh Lola! perfume and it was actually banned in UK for the provocative way in which a child was sexualized. If you’re wondering how she looks like now, here’s a photo: The model is now 28 and still maintain a solid modeling career. She earned her international recognition with her Hermes campaign and featured on the covers of Japan’s Harper’s Bazaar. She was only 13 old when she was photographed licking cupcake frosting from her hand. Now she is 56 years old and has walked away from the whole modeling scene. She was only 11 years old when she was featured in the October 1976 issue of the magazine, in a set by Bourboulon. She is the youngest girl ever to appear in a Playboy nude pictorial. At 5 years old she was modelling for her mother’s erotic photographs. She is the daughter of the Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco. Via instagram 8. Eva Ionesco (at 11 years old she was featured in Playboy) Here is a photo of her now so you can get some reference: She is 20 years old now and has already won the Model of the Year Award at the Front Row Awards and multiple awards since. ![]() She began modelling at the tender age of 13. She resembles her famous mother diva and she has already signed as the face of Marc Jacobs Beauty. She is the daughter of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber. She did her first shooting at 13 with Storm Management, the agency that also propelled Kate Moss in her career.īeing a sister of a famous actress and model always help boost your career, she is now 24 and looking better than ever. Today, she is already 15 and we could not find new photos of her 6. The magazine was really under fire for over-sexualizing a young girl When she was 9 years old, she appeared on the cover of Haven, dressed in a two-piece vintage circus costume, with her hair teased and holding a light globe. ![]() 9-year-old cover girl from Harven magazine She is now 19 years old and we could not find any new photos of her doing modeling work, she might turned into a different profession. ![]() She was the youngest model ever to feature in London Fashion Week, in 2006 when she was discovered by iconic fashion designer Zandra Rhodes. There’s a lot on her plate, that’s for sureĪs the years passed by, Momoka is now 18 years old and trying to become an actress while still doing modeling to pay the bills. Since then, she has numerous modeling gigs, while trying to stay up to date with her studies, ballet lessons and her hobbies. Her modelling career began with her appearance at the 48th MFJ Grand Prix, in Japan, in 2016.She was only 12 years old at that time and was looking like a real “race queen”. Today is is already 21 and has grown a lot since she rose to fame, but one thing is for sure, her beauty only got better with age, here’s a picture of how she looks like now: ![]() ![]() If you find them useful, a shoutout would be appreciated. There are also Sketch design files with all the icons. You can use the free app LiteIcon to change the icon. You could also download the files from the repo folder by clicking the name of the icns or png and clicking the "Download" button. Because using macOS daily I also want my Windows to look as minimal as possible. ~/.vscode/extensions/davidbwaters.macOS-modern-theme/extras/app-icons Light and dark VSCode icons are also included in full quality (don't use the small preview below) on the GitHub repo or in the extension folder in: "activityBarBadge.background": "#f84339", // red "activityBarBadge.background": "#1a8bfb", // blue Add the line for the color you want to lorCustomizations // Workbench Color Tweaks You can change the activity bar badge background with these settings. Add these settings to theme the "Activitus Bar" and "Project Manager" extensions to match Modern macOS. If you choose to hide the activity bar, you can install the "Activitus Bar" extension to add the activity bar buttons to your status bar. "workbench.iconTheme": "macOS-modern-color-icon-theme", Highly Recommended // macOS Modern Tweaks I also prefer to hide the Activity Bar, which can be done from the View menu. The zoom level and native title bar make a huge difference in the overall look of VSCode. There are a few settings that should be added to your User Settings to really transform the look to better match OS X. I HIGHLY recommend using the settings below for best results Reapply both (icon and color) themes if you have problems. Updated to include dark + light versions and icon + product icon themes. ![]() ![]() The internet is a great resource for finding free downloads of these and other types of PC tweaks and you should always try to stay away from paid software.MacOS Modern is a set of Visual Studio Code themes styled to match native macOS as closely as possible. There are various graphic options to help make the Mac OS X Tiger looks its best, including multiple color schemes. The theme is easy to install and has a few different settings that allow you to customize it slightly. However, if you are not a fan of change in your interface, then this can be a great choice for you. This program has a lighter interface that is based more on white spaces than that of the Mac OS X Tiger. The Windows 10 theme is also available for those who prefer a different look than what is currently on offer. This simple, easy to use tool allows you to change your desktop wallpaper quite frequently and is easy to use. You can change the background or choose a new style by clicking on the Panel Tool in the main menu that appears after you login to the computer. This theme comes with a few different wallpapers and can be changed using simple controls right on the desktop. If you like changing your desktop wallpaper quite often then the Mac OS X Tiger theme may be perfect for you. If you are a Windows user looking for a simple and easy way to personalize your computer then the Wincustomize Windows OS X program is a great option. Users who have upgraded to the latest version of Windows and find their computers are not running as efficiently as before can benefit greatly from the many new themes that are available in the program. ![]() One reason this program is so popular is because it has been made specifically for users who prefer OS X over other operating systems. Windows OS X Tiger theme is a simple and easy to use theme system that offers a wide selection of themes from which you can choose. ![]() ![]() 11:24:34: 0: INFO: QT Popup Handling Enabled: False 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Popup Handling Enabled: True ![]() 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Stdout Handling Enabled: True 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Stdout Redirection Enabled: True 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Starting monitored managed process Cinema4DProcess 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Not enforcing a build of Cinema 4D 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Start Job called - starting up Cinema 4D Batch plugin ![]() 11:24:34: 0: INFO: AWS Portal File Transfer is not installed on the system. 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Could not find AWS Portal File Transfer. 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Looking for File Transfer controller in C:/Program Files/Thinkbox/S3BackedCache/bin/task.py… 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Looking for AWS Portal File Transfer… 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Executing global asset transfer preload script ‘C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Thinkbox\Deadline10\slave\gpu-1-instance3\plugins\5b9b8c5567ec1b3af890048d\GlobalAssetTransferPreLoad.py’ 11:24:34: 0: Executing plugin command of type ‘Start Job’ 11:24:34: 0: Start Job timeout is disabled. 11:24:34: 0: Done executing plugin command of type ‘Initialize Plugin’ 11:24:34: 0: INFO: The job’s environment will be merged with the current environment before rendering 11:24:34: 0: INFO: Render Job As User disabled, running as current user ‘Admin’ 11:24:34: 0: INFO: About: Cinema 4D Batch Plugin for Deadline 11:24:33: 0: INFO: Executing plugin script ‘C:\Users\Admin\AppData\Local\Thinkbox\Deadline10\slave\gpu-1-instance3\plugins\5b9b8c5567ec1b3af890048d\Cinema4DBatch.py’ ![]() 11:24:33: 0: Executing plugin command of type ‘Initialize Plugin’ 11:24:33: 0: Done executing plugin command of type ‘Sync Files for Job’ 11:24:33: 0: Synchronizing Plugin Cinema4DBatch from \3DSERVER\DeadlineRepository10\plugins\Cinema4DBatch took: 0 seconds 11:24:32: 0: All job files are already synchronized 11:24:32: 0: Executing plugin command of type ‘Sync Files for Job’ 11:24:30: 0: Loading Job’s Plugin timeout is Disabled RenderPluginException =Īt (DeadlineMessage aof)Īt (Job job)Īt (TaskLogWriter ael) = Really appreciate your help! It looks like it’s working.īut I’m getting another error (I’m aware that if might no have nothing to do with Deadline) Can you help me see what it might be? =Įrror: Cinema 4D startup: Error getting connection from Cinema4D: Monitored managed process “Cinema4DProcess” has exited or been terminated.Īt (String& outMessage, AbortLevel& abortLevel) = (edit) I just tried this on a simple scene and it works for me, you may want to update the batch plugin too. Think there’s some other bits also but no guarantee it will work as Maxon re-wrote a lot of C4D ![]() Enter alternative paths on separate lines.Īnd edit to R20 ĭefault=C:\Program Files\MAXON\CINEMA 4D R20\Commandline.exe /Applications/MAXON/CINEMA 4D R20/Commandline.app/Contents/MacOS/Commandline C:\Program Files\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R20\CINEMA 4D 64 Bit.exe C:\Program Files\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R20\CINEMA 4D.exe C:\Program Files (x86)\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R20\CINEMA 4D.exe /Applications/MAXON/CINEMA 4D R20/CINEMA 4D.app/Contents/MacOS/CINEMA 4D /opt/maxon/cinema4d/20.000/bin/c4d_clr There are a couple of other threads on here that show how to do this,ĭeadlineRepository10\plugins\Cinema4D\Cinema4D.paramĮdit this file and copy paste R19 details ĭefault=C:\Program Files\MAXON\CINEMA 4D R19\Commandline.exe /Applications/MAXON/CINEMA 4D R19/Commandline.app/Contents/MacOS/Commandline C:\Program Files\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R19\CINEMA 4D 64 Bit.exe C:\Program Files\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R19\CINEMA 4D.exe C:\Program Files (x86)\Maxon\CINEMA 4D R19\CINEMA 4D.exe /Applications/MAXON/CINEMA 4D R19/CINEMA 4D.app/Contents/MacOS/CINEMA 4D /opt/maxon/cinema4d/19.000/bin/c4d_clrĭescription=The path to the Cinema 4D executable file used for rendering. ![]() ![]() If, however, you’re only planning on using these services casually and with less frequency than a professional or out-right enthusiast, you may find AutoCAD’s yearly cost to be a little too steep. If you’re hoping to make 3D CAD modeling a full-time hobby or job, you’ll need to consider that doing so will make Fusion 360 cost you more in the long run. So if you’re mainly looking at the price tag to decide which of these two to get, you’ll need to consider just how often you plan on using your software. Effectively, this means that on top of the subscription price, Fusion 360’s ‘pay-as-you-go’ format means it becomes more expensive the more you use it. The most prominent of these features is the ‘Cloud Credits’ system, which charges you to use its built-in cloud-based system. ![]() Fusion 360, however, comes with a host of extra features that charge additional fees. While it may seem like a no-brainer to go for Fusion 360’s annual price of $495 over AutoCAD’s $1,690, it’s definitely worth taking a closer look.ĪutoCAD’s annual subscription is all-inclusive, giving you unlimited access to the software and all its features under one price. This is where the AutoCAD vs Fusion 360 debate gets a little sneaky. So while Fusion 360 may be capable of more complex designs, AutoCAD is far more demanding, especially on older or less powerful machines. This is largely due to Fusion 360’s constantly online, cloud-based structure. However, it should be noted that your decision on which to get will depend on how powerful your computer is.įusion 360 only requires 2.5GB of disk space and 3-4BG RAM minimum to function, AutoCAD needs 6GB of space and a whopping 8BG RAM as a minimum, with 16GB being recommended. Neither requires any additional software to work and both are very straightforward to set up. Simply log in, select, download, and install. Installationīoth AutoCAD and Fusion 360 are extremely easy to install via the Autodesk website. To work fully as intended, Fusion 360 needs an active and fast internet connection, whereas AutoCAD can be used offline. If you’re planning on working offline, or perhaps don’t trust your internet connection, you’ll also find Fusion 360’s cloud-based functionality to be a hindrance. While AutoCAD is certainly capable of it, it’s far from the best around, so you’ll want to look elsewhere entirely if you also want to create and edit 2D models. That being said, Fusion 360 isn’t designed for 2D CAD modeling. You’ll only really be able to use Fusion 360 to its full potential if you already have something of a background in creative design, while such credentials aren’t necessary to find good footing with AutoCAD. Neither are particularly difficult programs to wrap your head around, but that’s not to say just anyone can pick them up no problem. If you’re a veteran 3D CAD designer, you’ll be surprised and the depth and detail you can achieve even with AutoCAD’s geometrically-focused design. ![]() However, AutoCAD’s customizable interface and variety of tools will mean that beginners will be able to get more comfortable with the software quite easily. The user interface is laid out simply and concisely, and the learning curve isn’t too steep even for total newbies. The usability of any CAD software really depends on your experience, but when discussing AutoCAD vs Fusion 360, it also comes down to whom each one is targeted.ĭespite its more complex capabilities, Fusion 360 was generally designed to be fairly simple to grasp. ![]() ![]() Usability AutoCAD vs Fusion 360: Which is best for beginners? Simply speaking, Fusion 360’s usability gears itself more towards highly detailed, finely-tuned models, while AutoCAD serves as a somewhat standard 3D CAD software that’s useful to those with easier, less professionally-focused uses in mind. AutoCAD, on the other hand, is suitable for simpler modeling or 3D printing projects, like preparing simple statuettes or editing details on pre-made CAD files. ![]() ![]() ![]() Mingyu: Each individual member is very passionate and energetic, and that passion and energy increases 13-fold when we all come together. How does having over a dozen members affect your group dynamic? There aren’t many groups out there - especially in the Western market - with as many members as Seventeen. ![]() The 13 of us have different backgrounds and strengths, but we take advantage of these differences to create something unique to us, and to make the most of our music and performances. Those numbers (13 + 3 + 1) together add up to 17. S.Coups: Seventeen is a team comprised of 13 members, who are categorized into three different units to ultimately make one team. Seventeen is a household name in the K-pop world, but can you introduce the group in your own words for those who may be new to you? Rolling Stone connected with the guys to reflect on 2020 - perhaps the group’s busiest year yet - plans for the future, and the unique dynamic that comes with having over a dozen members.Įditor’s Note: This interview has been edited for brevity and clarity. ![]() after their label, Pledis Entertainment, was acquired by Big Hit Entertainment, home to none other than BTS. And hopes are high for the group in the U.S. With touring plans postponed due to the pandemic, Seventeen are also giving fans a chance to see them perform online, with a virtual concert, set to be held on January 23rd. market, with two well-received EPs - Heng:garæ and - released last year, and a recent appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden. The guys in Seventeen know that the idea of 13 members in a single group can be hard to grasp, especially in the Western market, but the members say they’re excited to prove to audiences that bigger really is better.Īfter a huge string of successes in Asia, Seventeen are quickly conquering the U.S. If it all sounds a little confusing, you’re not alone. Formed in 2015, the K-pop act is still considered a supergroup of sorts, comprised of 13 members, who perform as one large group, and collaborate behind the scenes to show off individual skill-sets within sub-units (a hip-hop unit, a “vocal” unit, and a performance unit). Despite the group’s name, Seventeen isn’t comprised of 17 members at all, and it has nothing to do with the teen girls’ magazine that peaked in the late Nineties and early Aughts. To really get to know the buzzy K-pop boy band, Seventeen, it helps to start with a head count. ![]() ![]() Last of all, to get that seamless, magic look, we recommend taking your photo and video files one after the other. ![]() We also recommend that the photo and video orientation match the plaque or block that you have chosen (portrait or landscape). For example, if you have chosen to purchase a pet block, select a photo and video file that best showcase your pet. Second, we recommend that the photo and video files that you use bare some relevance to the design that you have selected.Grainy or low resolution files may ruin the appearence of your block and will not have the same effect as high quality images and videos. First and foremost, it is important that the photo and video files that you upload are of a high quality. For your block or plaque to look and work its best, there are a few things that we recommend. ![]() When you are happy with the results you can upload them to your order. Switch to video mode and take a couple of steps backwards whilst keeping your subject in the same position and begin filming your video.
![]() ![]() I often recommend Studio One Prime as one of the best free music production platforms for beginners. Usually commercial software or games are produced for sale or to serve a commercial purpose.PreSonus has introduced Studio One 4 Prime, an updated version of their free digital audio workstation based on the flagship Studio One music production software. Even though, most trial software products are only time-limited some also have feature limitations. After that trial period (usually 15 to 90 days) the user can decide whether to buy the software or not. Trial software allows the user to evaluate the software for a limited amount of time. Demos are usually not time-limited (like Trial software) but the functionality is limited. In some cases, all the functionality is disabled until the license is purchased. ![]() ![]() Demoĭemo programs have a limited functionality for free, but charge for an advanced set of features or for the removal of advertisements from the program's interfaces. In some cases, ads may be show to the users. Basically, a product is offered Free to Play (Freemium) and the user can decide if he wants to pay the money (Premium) for additional features, services, virtual or physical goods that expand the functionality of the game. This license is commonly used for video games and it allows users to download and play the game for free. There are many different open source licenses but they all must comply with the Open Source Definition - in brief: the software can be freely used, modified and shared. Programs released under this license can be used at no cost for both personal and commercial purposes. Open Source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify or enhance. Freeware products can be used free of charge for both personal and professional (commercial use). Requires account.įreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations. If you’re feeling stuck in your song creation endeavors or must contend with several windows at once, then you’ll want to have StudioOne Professional on your computer. There are many tools listed in the panel, so expand the panel to manage it better. On the GUI, just check out the upper right area and you’ll see these tools there in the panel. You can simply edit these assets to easily make your tracks sound even better. ![]() Other helpful assets included with this application are instruments, effects, samplers, synthesizers, and loops. Since this utility is designed for convenience, you’ll appreciate one tool which allows you to rearrange sections of songs by using the Scratch Pad and Arranger Track features. There are a variety of tools included with this application which aims to simplify the creative process. You can just click once on the tool you need. All the tools are organized together in one window, which makes accessibility quite simple. The music project windows contain several tools that let you create or edit music tracks. From here, you can view available tutorials or demos, modify hardware settings, view projects/songs, or learn new skills. When you launch the application, a splash screen welcomes you and lets you see your progress. After you do this, you can download the necessary components for enhancing existing music tracks or creating new ones. Studio One Pro doesn’t dictate how you work or what you work on.īefore you can use Studio One Professional, you must have a PreSonus account. Spend your precious time creating music instead of wondering what to click next. It seamlessly combines the time-tested and proven recording studio model with today’s beat- and loop-oriented production process so you can bring musical ideas to sonic reality more quickly than ever before.Īn efficient, single-screen interface houses an unlimited number of tracks, intuitive editing tools, and advanced virtual instruments. Studio One was designed with ease of use at its core. Studio One contains several features and tools for making music creation a snap. ![]() ![]() The energy carried away from an atom by a photon comes from the electron dropping from one allowed orbit to another and is thus quantized. Only certain orbits are allowed, explaining why atomic spectra are discrete (quantized). The planetary model of the atom, as modified by Bohr, has the orbits of the electrons quantized. In equation form, this is Δ E = hf = E i − E f.įigure 4. The energies of the photons are quantized, and their energy is explained as being equal to the change in energy of the electron when it moves from one orbit to another. Photon absorption and emission are among the primary methods of transferring energy into and out of atoms. If the orbits are quantized, the amount of energy absorbed or emitted is also quantized, producing discrete spectra. ![]() Each orbit has a different energy, and electrons can move to a higher orbit by absorbing energy and drop to a lower orbit by emitting energy. His first proposal is that only certain orbits are allowed: we say that the orbits of electrons in atoms are quantized. Bohr’s Solution for Hydrogenīohr was able to derive the formula for the hydrogen spectrum using basic physics, the planetary model of the atom, and some very important new proposals. This number is similar to those used in the interference examples of Introduction to Quantum Physics (and is close to the spacing between slits in commonly used diffraction glasses). \displaystyle\frac\\ Discussion for Part 2 The observed hydrogen-spectrum wavelengths can be calculated using the following formula: (See Figure 3.) These series are named after early researchers who studied them in particular depth. The hydrogen spectrum had been observed in the infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV), and several series of spectral lines had been observed. As you might expect, the simplest atom-hydrogen, with its single electron-has a relatively simple spectrum. In some cases, it had been possible to devise formulas that described the emission spectra. (credit for (b): Yttrium91, Wikimedia Commons) The line spectrum for each element is unique, providing a powerful and much used analytical tool, and many line spectra were well known for many years before they could be explained with physics. The discrete lines imply quantized energy states for the atoms that produce them. Part (b) shows the emission line spectrum for iron. Part (a) shows, from left to right, a discharge tube, slit, and diffraction grating producing a line spectrum. (It was a running joke that any theory of atomic and molecular spectra could be destroyed by throwing a book of data at it, so complex were the spectra.) Following Einstein’s proposal of photons with quantized energies directly proportional to their wavelengths, it became even more evident that electrons in atoms can exist only in discrete orbits.įigure 2. But, in spite of years of efforts by many great minds, no one had a workable theory. (See Figure 2.) Maxwell and others had realized that there must be a connection between the spectrum of an atom and its structure, something like the resonant frequencies of musical instruments. Atomic and molecular emission and absorption spectra have been known for over a century to be discrete (or quantized). (credit: Unknown Author, via Wikimedia Commons) Mysteries of Atomic SpectraĪs noted in Quantization of Energy, the energies of some small systems are quantized. His many contributions to the development of atomic physics and quantum mechanics, his personal influence on many students and colleagues, and his personal integrity, especially in the face of Nazi oppression, earned him a prominent place in history. ![]() Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, used the planetary model of the atom to explain the atomic spectrum and size of the hydrogen atom. Bohr’s theory explained the atomic spectrum of hydrogen and established new and broadly applicable principles in quantum mechanics.įigure 1. From their sizes to their spectra, much was known about atoms, but little had been explained in terms of the laws of physics. For decades, many questions had been asked about atomic characteristics. In 1913, after returning to Copenhagen, he began publishing his theory of the simplest atom, hydrogen, based on the planetary model of the atom. Bohr became convinced of its validity and spent part of 1912 at Rutherford’s laboratory. The great Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) made immediate use of Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom. |
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